3D Flyover — architecture reference

Deep detail behind TECHNIQUE.md: provider loading, the camera-path pipeline, per-frame camera math, and the proven terrain values. Both landscape and city modes have been forward-tested through Remotion.

1. Provider initialization

Create the Viewer with baseLayer: false, UI widgets disabled, and contextOptions.webgl.preserveDrawingBuffer: true. Never hide the credit display.

Landscape

Add MapTiler satellite-v2 with UrlTemplateImageryProvider, then load terrain-quantized-mesh-v2 with CesiumTerrainProvider.fromUrl({requestVertexNormals: true}). MapTiler supplies both datasets; no Cesium ion token is required.

City

Do not add MapTiler. Hide the globe, then add:

viewer.scene.globe.show = false;
const tileset = await Cesium.Cesium3DTileset.fromUrl(
  `https://tile.googleapis.com/v1/3dtiles/root.json?key=${GOOGLE_KEY}`,
  {showCreditsOnScreen: true, maximumScreenSpaceError: 4},
);
viewer.scene.primitives.add(tileset);

Lower maximumScreenSpaceError improves refinement at substantial download/render cost. Start at 4 for a hero landmark and 6–8 for wider urban shots. Enforce the Google 30-second promotional video ceiling in the component.

Load Cesium from the CDN after setting window.CESIUM_BASE_URL; the tested version is 1.143.

2. The camera path — structure & generation

Four properties matter, in order:

Continuous curvature — the camera must flow through curves, never "fly straight, snap to a new heading, fly straight." The component applies three passes of Chaikin corner cutting to every supplied path. Each pass replaces a segment with quarter and three-quarter points, rounding a corner into a curve. Three passes are the default; four is softer, two is tighter.
Constant ground speed — precompute cumulative distance along the rounded curve and interpolate by arc length. Do not animate by source-point index; unequal source spacing creates speed bumps.
Minimized amplitude — for detailed landscape centerlines, dampen the prepared path toward its straight start→end chord by a fixed fraction DAMP (0 = dead straight, 1 = full river). This is the single swerve-amplitude knob.
Enough length — PATHKM ≥ TRAVEL_KM + 2·LOOK_AHEAD_KM so the look-ahead aim never clamps.

../scripts/prep-cesium-path.mjs does: clip a window of the source centerline → resample to even arc-length spacing (0.1 km) → moving-average smooth (±2.8 km window, 2 passes) → dampen toward the chord (DAMP=0.45). Validate with the heading-delta probe it prints — deltas should be small and change gradually (water-wars: 3,0,-1,-3,-4,1,7,9,5,-5,-12,-7,…). Big jumps = corners = bad.

The component then applies Chaikin smoothing to this prepared route, or directly to a short hand-authored city route. Keep city control points sparse and intentional; smoothing cannot rescue a zig-zagging route that crosses the subject repeatedly.

Source data: OSM via Overpass (~0.3 km vertex spacing) — Natural Earth is too coarse for inner gorges. overpass-api.de is often busy → mirror overpass.kumi.systems.

3. Camera animation per frame (position, heading, pitch, bank)

Walk the path by arc length (precompute cumulative distances once). Every frame:

Position = the point at dCam km along the path, altitude lerp(ALT_START, ALT_END, prog).
Heading = bearing from the camera point to a real point LOOK_AHEAD_KM further along the same path. A far aim averages wiggle → smooth heading; on a curved path it leads into the bend, so the heading turns gently with the path. (A local-tangent aim spins the camera at every kink — don't.)
Pitch = constant. We keep a MapLibre-style param PITCH_FROM_NADIR (90 = horizon), then convert: Cesium pitch = -(90 - PITCH_FROM_NADIR) (Cesium: 0 = horizon, -90 = straight down). 76° → -14°.
Bank (roll) = lean into the turn — the helicopter tell. Measure turn rate as the bearing change between aim and a point 2·LOOK_AHEAD_KM ahead; roll = clamp(dH · BANK_GAIN, ±MAX_BANK). Because the path is smooth, dH changes gradually → the bank eases in and out, never jerks.

const setCamera = (C, viewer, prog) => {
  const dCam = Math.min(TRAVEL_KM, PATHKM - LOOK_AHEAD_KM * 2) * prog;
  const cam  = alongPath(dCam);                    // arc-length point
  const aim  = alongPath(dCam + LOOK_AHEAD_KM);     // heading target (real point on the path)
  const aim2 = alongPath(dCam + LOOK_AHEAD_KM * 2); // turn-rate probe → bank
  const heading = bearing(cam, aim);
  let dH = bearing(aim, aim2) - heading; while (dH > Math.PI) dH -= 2*Math.PI; while (dH < -Math.PI) dH += 2*Math.PI;
  viewer.camera.setView({
    destination: C.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(cam[0], cam[1], lerp(ALT_START, ALT_END, prog)),
    orientation: { heading, pitch: C.Math.toRadians(-(90 - PITCH_FROM_NADIR)), roll: clamp(dH * BANK_GAIN, -MAX_BANK, MAX_BANK) },
  });
};

Cesium vs MapLibre conventions (gotcha): Cesium heading is radians, 0 = north, clockwise. Pitch 0 = horizon, negative = down (MapLibre is the inverse). Roll positive = bank right; tune the sign by eye.

4. The feel — proven water-wars values

Param	Value	Meaning
`TRAVEL_KM`	13	How far the camera travels. Speed = `TRAVEL_KM / durationSeconds`.
duration	24 s (720 f @30)	13 km / 24 s ≈ 0.54 km/s — a slow, peaceful glide. 8 s felt "extremely rushed".
`ALT_START → ALT_END`	4600 → 4300 m ASL	Absolute (terrain-independent). Inside the corridor walls → fly through, not over.
`LOOK_AHEAD_KM`	1.5	Heading smoothness vs responsiveness.
`PITCH_FROM_NADIR`	76°	Stare-ahead down the corridor (90 = level). → Cesium -14°.
`MAX_BANK` / `BANK_GAIN`	0.13 rad (~7.5°) / 0.6	Helicopter lean into turns.
`verticalExaggeration`	1.1	Subtle terrain drama.
`DAMP` (prep)	0.45	Swerve amount: higher = weavier, lower = straighter.

A slow camera renders fast. At 0.54 km/s the camera moves ~18 m/frame, so tiles stay cached and each settle() returns almost immediately; the 720-frame render completed in one pass (no chunk-rendering).

5. The complete component

The full, runnable component is ../assets/CesiumFlythrough.tsx — read it directly. Its shape:

loadCesium() — inject CESIUM_BASE_URL + the CDN Cesium.js, resolve when loaded.
init effect — build the Viewer (§1), setCamera(…, 0), await settle(viewer), continueRender.
settle(viewer) — loop viewer.render() until globe.tilesLoaded for landscapes or tileset.tilesLoaded for cities is stable for ~8 ticks (cap ~600).
per-frame effect — delayRender({timeoutInMilliseconds: 60000}) → setCamera(prog) → settle() → continueRender.

6. Render

bunx remotion still   src/index.ts <Comp> out.png --frame=N --gl=angle --timeout=180000   # validate framing/bank first
bunx remotion render  src/index.ts <Comp> out.mp4  --gl=angle --concurrency=1 --timeout=180000

--gl=angle is mandatory. Use --concurrency=1; settle() already serializes tile loading.

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